refactor + clean table system [WIP]

src/config.rs

@@ -14,21 +14,9 @@ pub struct ServerInfo {
 }
 
 impl ServerInfo {
-    pub fn get_host(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.host
-    }
-
     pub fn get_addr(&self) -> (&str, u16) {
         (&self.host, self.port)
     }
-
-    pub fn get_login(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.login
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_password(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.password
-    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
@@ -40,6 +28,13 @@ pub struct Config {
 }
 
 impl Config {
+    pub fn new_from_file() -> Self {
+        match read_file_content() {
+            Err(err) => panic!(err),
+            Ok(content) => toml::from_str(&content).unwrap(),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn email_full(&self) -> String {
         format!("{} <{}>", self.name, self.email)
     }
@@ -91,10 +86,3 @@ pub fn read_file_content() -> Result<String, io::Error> {
     file.read_to_string(&mut content)?;
     Ok(content)
 }
-
-pub fn read_file() -> Config {
-    match read_file_content() {
-        Err(err) => panic!(err),
-        Ok(content) => toml::from_str(&content).unwrap(),
-    }
-}

src/imap.rs

@@ -1,207 +1,305 @@
 use imap;
 use mailparse::{self, MailHeaderMap};
-use native_tls::{TlsConnector, TlsStream};
+use native_tls::{self, TlsConnector, TlsStream};
 use rfc2047_decoder;
-use std::net::TcpStream;
+use std::{error, fmt, net::TcpStream, result};
 
-use crate::config::{Config, ServerInfo};
+use crate::config;
 use crate::table;
 
-type ImapClient = imap::Client<TlsStream<TcpStream>>;
-type ImapSession = imap::Session<TlsStream<TcpStream>>;
+// Email
 
-pub fn create_tls_connector() -> TlsConnector {
-    match native_tls::TlsConnector::new() {
-        Ok(connector) => connector,
-        Err(err) => {
-            println!("The TLS connector could not be created.");
-            panic!(err);
-        }
+pub struct Uid(u32);
+
+impl table::DisplayCell for Uid {
+    fn styles(&self) -> &[table::Style] {
+        &[table::RED]
+    }
+
+    fn value(&self) -> String {
+        self.0.to_string()
     }
 }
 
-pub fn create_imap_client(server: &ServerInfo, tls: &TlsConnector) -> ImapClient {
-    match imap::connect(server.get_addr(), server.get_host(), &tls) {
-        Ok(client) => client,
-        Err(err) => {
-            println!("The IMAP socket could not be opened.");
-            panic!(err);
-        }
+pub struct Flags<'a>(Vec<imap::types::Flag<'a>>);
+
+impl table::DisplayCell for Flags<'_> {
+    fn styles(&self) -> &[table::Style] {
+        &[table::WHITE]
+    }
+
+    fn value(&self) -> String {
+        use imap::types::Flag::*;
+
+        let Flags(flags) = self;
+        let mut flags_str = String::new();
+
+        flags_str.push_str(if !flags.contains(&Seen) { &"N" } else { &" " });
+        flags_str.push_str(if flags.contains(&Answered) {
+            &"R"
+        } else {
+            &" "
+        });
+        flags_str.push_str(if flags.contains(&Draft) { &"D" } else { &" " });
+        flags_str.push_str(if flags.contains(&Flagged) { &"F" } else { &" " });
+
+        flags_str
     }
 }
 
-pub fn create_imap_sess(client: ImapClient, server: &ServerInfo) -> ImapSession {
-    match client.login(server.get_login(), server.get_password()) {
-        Ok(sess) => sess,
-        Err((err, _)) => {
-            println!("The IMAP connection could not be established.");
-            panic!(err);
-        }
+pub struct Sender(String);
+
+impl table::DisplayCell for Sender {
+    fn styles(&self) -> &[table::Style] {
+        &[table::BLUE]
+    }
+
+    fn value(&self) -> String {
+        self.0.to_owned()
     }
 }
 
-pub fn login(config: &Config) -> ImapSession {
-    let tls = create_tls_connector();
-    let client = create_imap_client(&config.imap, &tls);
-    let imap_sess = create_imap_sess(client, &config.imap);
-    imap_sess
-}
+pub struct Subject(String);
 
-fn subject_from_fetch(fetch: &imap::types::Fetch) -> String {
-    let envelope = fetch.envelope().expect("envelope is missing");
+impl table::DisplayCell for Subject {
+    fn styles(&self) -> &[table::Style] {
+        &[table::GREEN]
+    }
 
-    match &envelope.subject {
-        None => String::new(),
-        Some(bytes) => match rfc2047_decoder::decode(bytes) {
-            Err(_) => String::new(),
-            Ok(subject) => subject,
-        },
+    fn value(&self) -> String {
+        self.0.to_owned()
     }
 }
 
-fn first_addr_from_fetch(fetch: &imap::types::Fetch) -> String {
-    let envelope = fetch.envelope().expect("envelope is missing");
+pub struct Date(String);
 
-    match &envelope.from {
-        None => String::new(),
-        Some(addresses) => match addresses.first() {
-            None => String::new(),
-            Some(address) => {
-                let mbox = String::from_utf8(address.mailbox.expect("invalid addr mbox").to_vec())
-                    .expect("invalid addr mbox");
-                let host = String::from_utf8(address.host.expect("invalid addr host").to_vec())
-                    .expect("invalid addr host");
-                let email = format!("{}@{}", mbox, host);
+impl table::DisplayCell for Date {
+    fn styles(&self) -> &[table::Style] {
+        &[table::YELLOW]
+    }
 
-                match address.name {
-                    None => email,
-                    Some(name) => match rfc2047_decoder::decode(name) {
-                        Err(_) => email,
-                        Ok(name) => name,
-                    },
+    fn value(&self) -> String {
+        self.0.to_owned()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Email<'a> {
+    uid: Uid,
+    flags: Flags<'a>,
+    from: Sender,
+    subject: Subject,
+    date: Date,
+}
+
+impl Email<'_> {
+    fn first_sender_from_fetch(fetch: &imap::types::Fetch) -> Option<String> {
+        let addr = fetch.envelope()?.from.as_ref()?.first()?;
+
+        addr.name
+            .and_then(|bytes| rfc2047_decoder::decode(bytes).ok())
+            .or_else(|| {
+                let mbox = String::from_utf8(addr.mailbox?.to_vec()).ok()?;
+                let host = String::from_utf8(addr.host?.to_vec()).ok()?;
+                Some(format!("{}@{}", mbox, host))
+            })
+    }
+
+    fn subject_from_fetch(fetch: &imap::types::Fetch) -> Option<String> {
+        fetch
+            .envelope()?
+            .subject
+            .and_then(|bytes| rfc2047_decoder::decode(bytes).ok())
+            .and_then(|subject| Some(subject.replace("\r", "")))
+            .and_then(|subject| Some(subject.replace("\n", "")))
+    }
+
+    fn date_from_fetch(fetch: &imap::types::Fetch) -> Option<String> {
+        fetch
+            .internal_date()
+            .and_then(|date| Some(date.to_rfc3339()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> table::DisplayRow for Email<'a> {
+    fn to_row(&self) -> Vec<table::Cell> {
+        use table::DisplayCell;
+
+        vec![
+            self.uid.to_cell(),
+            self.flags.to_cell(),
+            self.from.to_cell(),
+            self.subject.to_cell(),
+            self.date.to_cell(),
+        ]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> table::DisplayTable<'a, Email<'a>> for Vec<Email<'a>> {
+    fn cols() -> &'a [&'a str] {
+        &["uid", "flags", "from", "subject", "date"]
+    }
+
+    fn rows(&self) -> &Vec<Email<'a>> {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+// IMAP Connector
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ImapConnector {
+    pub config: config::ServerInfo,
+    pub sess: imap::Session<TlsStream<TcpStream>>,
+}
+
+impl ImapConnector {
+    pub fn new(config: config::ServerInfo) -> Result<Self> {
+        let tls = TlsConnector::new()?;
+        let client = imap::connect(config.get_addr(), &config.host, &tls)?;
+        let sess = client
+            .login(&config.login, &config.password)
+            .map_err(|res| res.0)?;
+
+        Ok(Self { config, sess })
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_emails(&mut self, mbox: &str, query: &str) -> Result<Vec<Email<'_>>> {
+        self.sess.select(mbox)?;
+
+        let uids = self
+            .sess
+            .uid_search(query)?
+            .iter()
+            .map(|n| n.to_string())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let emails = self
+            .sess
+            .uid_fetch(
+                uids[..20.min(uids.len())].join(","),
+                "(UID ENVELOPE INTERNALDATE)",
+            )?
+            .iter()
+            .map(|fetch| {
+                let flags = fetch.flags().iter().fold(vec![], |mut flags, flag| {
+                    use imap::types::Flag::*;
+
+                    match flag {
+                        Seen => flags.push(Seen),
+                        Answered => flags.push(Answered),
+                        Draft => flags.push(Draft),
+                        Flagged => flags.push(Flagged),
+                        _ => (),
+                    };
+
+                    flags
+                });
+
+                Email {
+                    uid: Uid(fetch.uid.unwrap()),
+                    from: Sender(Email::first_sender_from_fetch(fetch).unwrap_or(String::new())),
+                    subject: Subject(Email::subject_from_fetch(fetch).unwrap_or(String::new())),
+                    date: Date(Email::date_from_fetch(fetch).unwrap_or(String::new())),
+                    flags: Flags(flags),
                 }
-            }
-        },
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        Ok(emails)
     }
 }
 
-fn date_from_fetch(fetch: &imap::types::Fetch) -> String {
-    let envelope = fetch.envelope().expect("envelope is missing");
+// Error wrapper
 
-    match &envelope.date {
-        None => String::new(),
-        Some(date) => match String::from_utf8(date.to_vec()) {
-            Err(_) => String::new(),
-            Ok(date) => date,
-        },
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Error {
+    CreateTlsConnectorError(native_tls::Error),
+    CreateImapSession(imap::Error),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Error::CreateTlsConnectorError(err) => err.fmt(f),
+            Error::CreateImapSession(err) => err.fmt(f),
+        }
     }
 }
 
-pub fn read_emails(imap_sess: &mut ImapSession, mbox: &str, query: &str) -> imap::Result<()> {
-    imap_sess.select(mbox)?;
-
-    let uids = imap_sess
-        .uid_search(query)?
-        .iter()
-        .map(|n| n.to_string())
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-    let table_head = vec![
-        table::Cell::new(
-            vec![table::BOLD, table::UNDERLINE, table::WHITE],
-            String::from("ID"),
-        ),
-        table::Cell::new(
-            vec![table::BOLD, table::UNDERLINE, table::WHITE],
-            String::from("FLAGS"),
-        ),
-        table::Cell::new(
-            vec![table::BOLD, table::UNDERLINE, table::WHITE],
-            String::from("FROM"),
-        ),
-        table::Cell::new(
-            vec![table::BOLD, table::UNDERLINE, table::WHITE],
-            String::from("SUBJECT"),
-        ),
-        table::Cell::new(
-            vec![table::BOLD, table::UNDERLINE, table::WHITE],
-            String::from("DATE"),
-        ),
-    ];
-
-    let mut table_rows = imap_sess
-        .uid_fetch(
-            uids[..20.min(uids.len())].join(","),
-            "(INTERNALDATE ENVELOPE UID)",
-        )?
-        .iter()
-        .map(|fetch| {
-            vec![
-                table::Cell::new(vec![table::RED], fetch.uid.unwrap_or(0).to_string()),
-                table::Cell::new(vec![table::WHITE], String::from("!@")),
-                table::Cell::new(vec![table::BLUE], first_addr_from_fetch(fetch)),
-                table::Cell::new(vec![table::GREEN], subject_from_fetch(fetch)),
-                table::Cell::new(vec![table::YELLOW], date_from_fetch(fetch)),
-            ]
-        })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-    table_rows.insert(0, table_head);
-
-    println!("{}", table::render(table_rows));
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn list_mailboxes(imap_sess: &mut ImapSession) -> imap::Result<()> {
-    let mboxes = imap_sess.list(Some(""), Some("*"))?;
-
-    let table_head = vec![
-        table::Cell::new(
-            vec![table::BOLD, table::UNDERLINE, table::WHITE],
-            String::from("DELIM"),
-        ),
-        table::Cell::new(
-            vec![table::BOLD, table::UNDERLINE, table::WHITE],
-            String::from("NAME"),
-        ),
-        table::Cell::new(
-            vec![table::BOLD, table::UNDERLINE, table::WHITE],
-            String::from("ATTRIBUTES"),
-        ),
-    ];
-
-    let mut table_rows = mboxes
-        .iter()
-        .map(|mbox| {
-            vec![
-                table::Cell::new(
-                    vec![table::BLUE],
-                    mbox.delimiter().unwrap_or("").to_string(),
-                ),
-                table::Cell::new(vec![table::GREEN], mbox.name().to_string()),
-                table::Cell::new(
-                    vec![table::YELLOW],
-                    mbox.attributes()
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|a| format!("{:?}", a))
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join(", "),
-                ),
-            ]
-        })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-    if table_rows.len() == 0 {
-        println!("No email found!");
-    } else {
-        table_rows.insert(0, table_head);
-        println!("{}", table::render(table_rows));
+impl error::Error for Error {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn error::Error + 'static)> {
+        match *self {
+            Error::CreateTlsConnectorError(ref err) => Some(err),
+            Error::CreateImapSession(ref err) => Some(err),
+        }
     }
-
-    Ok(())
 }
 
+impl From<native_tls::Error> for Error {
+    fn from(err: native_tls::Error) -> Error {
+        Error::CreateTlsConnectorError(err)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<imap::Error> for Error {
+    fn from(err: imap::Error) -> Error {
+        Error::CreateImapSession(err)
+    }
+}
+
+// Result wrapper
+
+type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Error>;
+
+// pub fn list_mailboxes(imap_sess: &mut ImapSession) -> imap::Result<()> {
+//     let mboxes = imap_sess.list(Some(""), Some("*"))?;
+
+//     let table_head = vec![
+//         table::Cell::new(
+//             vec![table::BOLD, table::UNDERLINE, table::WHITE],
+//             String::from("DELIM"),
+//         ),
+//         table::Cell::new(
+//             vec![table::BOLD, table::UNDERLINE, table::WHITE],
+//             String::from("NAME"),
+//         ),
+//         table::Cell::new(
+//             vec![table::BOLD, table::UNDERLINE, table::WHITE],
+//             String::from("ATTRIBUTES"),
+//         ),
+//     ];
+
+//     let mut table_rows = mboxes
+//         .iter()
+//         .map(|mbox| {
+//             vec![
+//                 table::Cell::new(
+//                     vec![table::BLUE],
+//                     mbox.delimiter().unwrap_or("").to_string(),
+//                 ),
+//                 table::Cell::new(vec![table::GREEN], mbox.name().to_string()),
+//                 table::Cell::new(
+//                     vec![table::YELLOW],
+//                     mbox.attributes()
+//                         .iter()
+//                         .map(|a| format!("{:?}", a))
+//                         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+//                         .join(", "),
+//                 ),
+//             ]
+//         })
+//         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+//     if table_rows.len() == 0 {
+//         println!("No email found!");
+//     } else {
+//         table_rows.insert(0, table_head);
+//         println!("{}", table::render(table_rows));
+//     }
+
+//     Ok(())
+// }
+
 fn extract_subparts_by_mime(mime: &str, part: &mailparse::ParsedMail, parts: &mut Vec<String>) {
     match part.subparts.len() {
         0 => {
@@ -222,28 +320,28 @@ fn extract_subparts_by_mime(mime: &str, part: &mailparse::ParsedMail, parts: &mu
     }
 }
 
-pub fn read_email(
-    imap_sess: &mut ImapSession,
-    mbox: &str,
-    uid: &str,
-    mime: &str,
-) -> imap::Result<()> {
-    imap_sess.select(mbox)?;
+// pub fn read_email(
+//     imap_sess: &mut ImapSession,
+//     mbox: &str,
+//     uid: &str,
+//     mime: &str,
+// ) -> imap::Result<()> {
+//     imap_sess.select(mbox)?;
 
-    match imap_sess.uid_fetch(uid, "BODY[]")?.first() {
-        None => println!("No email found in mailbox {} with UID {}", mbox, uid),
-        Some(email_raw) => {
-            let email = mailparse::parse_mail(email_raw.body().unwrap_or(&[])).unwrap();
-            let mut parts = vec![];
-            extract_subparts_by_mime(mime, &email, &mut parts);
+//     match imap_sess.uid_fetch(uid, "BODY[]")?.first() {
+//         None => println!("No email found in mailbox {} with UID {}", mbox, uid),
+//         Some(email_raw) => {
+//             let email = mailparse::parse_mail(email_raw.body().unwrap_or(&[])).unwrap();
+//             let mut parts = vec![];
+//             extract_subparts_by_mime(mime, &email, &mut parts);
 
-            if parts.len() == 0 {
-                println!("No {} content found for email {}!", mime, uid);
-            } else {
-                println!("{}", parts.join("\r\n"));
-            }
-        }
-    }
+//             if parts.len() == 0 {
+//                 println!("No {} content found for email {}!", mime, uid);
+//             } else {
+//                 println!("{}", parts.join("\r\n"));
+//             }
+//         }
+//     }
 
-    Ok(())
-}
+//     Ok(())
+// }

src/main.rs

@@ -4,10 +4,16 @@ mod smtp;
 mod table;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg, SubCommand};
-use std::io::prelude::*;
-use std::{env, fs, process};
 
-fn nem_email_tpl() -> String {
+use crate::config::Config;
+use crate::imap::ImapConnector;
+use crate::table::DisplayTable;
+
+fn new_email_tpl() -> String {
+    ["To: ", "Subject: ", ""].join("\r\n")
+}
+
+fn forward_email_tpl() -> String {
     ["To: ", "Subject: ", ""].join("\r\n")
 }
 
@@ -28,9 +34,12 @@ fn uid_arg() -> Arg<'static, 'static> {
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let config = config::read_file();
-    let mut imap_sess = imap::login(&config);
+    if let Err(err) = dispatch() {
+        panic!(err);
+    }
+}
 
+fn dispatch() -> Result<(), imap::Error> {
     let matches = App::new("Himalaya")
         .version("0.1.0")
         .about("📫 Minimalist CLI email client")
@@ -84,11 +93,13 @@ fn main() {
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    if let Some(_) = matches.subcommand_matches("list") {
-        imap::list_mailboxes(&mut imap_sess).unwrap();
-    }
+    // if let Some(_) = matches.subcommand_matches("list") {
+    //     let config = Config::new_from_file();
+    //     ImapConnector::new(&config.imap).list_mailboxes().unwrap();
+    // }
 
     if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("search") {
+        let config = Config::new_from_file();
         let mbox = matches.value_of("mailbox").unwrap();
 
         if let Some(matches) = matches.values_of("query") {
@@ -115,41 +126,74 @@ fn main() {
                 .1
                 .join(" ");
 
-            imap::read_emails(&mut imap_sess, &mbox, &query).unwrap();
+            let emails = ImapConnector::new(config.imap)?
+                .read_emails(&mbox, &query)?
+                .to_table();
+
+            println!("{}", emails);
         }
     }
 
-    if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("read") {
-        let mbox = matches.value_of("mailbox").unwrap();
-        let mime = matches.value_of("mime-type").unwrap();
+    // if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("read") {
+    //     let mbox = matches.value_of("mailbox").unwrap();
+    //     let mime = matches.value_of("mime-type").unwrap();
+    //     let uid = matches.value_of("uid").unwrap();
 
-        if let Some(uid) = matches.value_of("uid") {
-            imap::read_email(&mut imap_sess, mbox, uid, mime).unwrap();
-        }
-    }
+    //     imap::read_email(&mut imap_sess, mbox, uid, mime).unwrap();
+    // }
 
-    if let Some(_) = matches.subcommand_matches("write") {
-        let mut draft_path = env::temp_dir();
-        draft_path.push("himalaya-draft.mail");
+    // if let Some(_) = matches.subcommand_matches("write") {
+    //     let mut draft_path = env::temp_dir();
+    //     draft_path.push("himalaya-draft.mail");
 
-        fs::File::create(&draft_path)
-            .expect("Could not create draft file")
-            .write(nem_email_tpl().as_bytes())
-            .expect("Could not write into draft file");
+    //     fs::File::create(&draft_path)
+    //         .expect("Could not create draft file")
+    //         .write(new_email_tpl().as_bytes())
+    //         .expect("Could not write into draft file");
 
-        process::Command::new(env!("EDITOR"))
-            .arg(&draft_path)
-            .status()
-            .expect("Could not start $EDITOR");
+    //     process::Command::new(env!("EDITOR"))
+    //         .arg(&draft_path)
+    //         .status()
+    //         .expect("Could not start $EDITOR");
 
-        let mut draft = String::new();
-        fs::File::open(&draft_path)
-            .expect("Could not open draft file")
-            .read_to_string(&mut draft)
-            .expect("Could not read draft file");
+    //     let mut draft = String::new();
+    //     fs::File::open(&draft_path)
+    //         .expect("Could not open draft file")
+    //         .read_to_string(&mut draft)
+    //         .expect("Could not read draft file");
 
-        fs::remove_file(&draft_path).expect("Could not remove draft file");
+    //     fs::remove_file(&draft_path).expect("Could not remove draft file");
 
-        smtp::send(&config, &draft.as_bytes());
-    }
+    //     smtp::send(&config, &draft.as_bytes());
+    // }
+
+    // if let Some(_) = matches.subcommand_matches("forward") {
+    //     let mbox = matches.value_of("mailbox").unwrap();
+    //     let uid = matches.value_of("uid").unwrap();
+
+    //     let mut draft_path = env::temp_dir();
+    //     draft_path.push("himalaya-draft.mail");
+
+    //     fs::File::create(&draft_path)
+    //         .expect("Could not create draft file")
+    //         .write(forward_email_tpl().as_bytes())
+    //         .expect("Could not write into draft file");
+
+    //     process::Command::new(env!("EDITOR"))
+    //         .arg(&draft_path)
+    //         .status()
+    //         .expect("Could not start $EDITOR");
+
+    //     let mut draft = String::new();
+    //     fs::File::open(&draft_path)
+    //         .expect("Could not open draft file")
+    //         .read_to_string(&mut draft)
+    //         .expect("Could not read draft file");
+
+    //     fs::remove_file(&draft_path).expect("Could not remove draft file");
+
+    //     smtp::send(&config, &draft.as_bytes());
+    // }
+
+    Ok(())
 }

src/table.rs

@@ -31,19 +31,16 @@ impl fmt::Display for Style {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Cell {
-    styles: Vec<Style>,
-    value: String,
-}
-
-impl Clone for Cell {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Cell::new(self.styles.clone(), self.value.clone())
-    }
+    pub styles: Vec<Style>,
+    pub value: String,
 }
 
 impl Cell {
-    pub fn new(styles: Vec<Style>, value: String) -> Cell {
-        Cell { styles, value }
+    pub fn new<'a>(styles: &'a [Style], value: &'a str) -> Cell {
+        Cell {
+            styles: styles.to_vec(),
+            value: value.to_string(),
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn printable_value_len(&self) -> usize {
@@ -68,50 +65,60 @@ impl Cell {
     }
 }
 
-type Matrix<T> = Vec<Vec<T>>;
+pub trait DisplayCell {
+    fn styles(&self) -> &[Style];
+    fn value(&self) -> String;
 
-pub fn transpose<T: Clone>(m: Matrix<T>) -> Matrix<T> {
-    let mut tm: Matrix<T> = vec![];
-    let col_size = m.iter().next().unwrap_or(&vec![]).len();
+    fn to_cell(&self) -> Cell {
+        Cell::new(self.styles(), &self.value())
+    }
+}
 
-    for idx in 0..col_size {
-        let col = m
+pub trait DisplayRow {
+    fn to_row(&self) -> Vec<Cell>;
+}
+
+pub trait DisplayTable<'a, T: DisplayRow> {
+    fn cols() -> &'a [&'a str];
+    fn rows(&self) -> &Vec<T>;
+
+    fn to_table(&self) -> String {
+        let mut col_sizes = vec![];
+
+        let head = Self::cols()
             .iter()
-            .map(|row| row.get(idx).unwrap().clone())
+            .map(|col| {
+                let cell = Cell::new(&[BOLD, UNDERLINE, WHITE], &col.to_uppercase());
+                col_sizes.push(cell.printable_value_len());
+                cell
+            })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        tm.push(col)
-    }
-
-    tm
-}
-
-fn render_cols(cells: Matrix<Cell>) -> Matrix<String> {
-    fn render_tcols(tcells: &Vec<Cell>) -> Vec<String> {
-        let col_size = tcells
+        let mut body = self
+            .rows()
             .iter()
-            .map(|cell| cell.printable_value_len())
-            .max()
-            .unwrap();
-        tcells.iter().map(|tcell| tcell.render(col_size)).collect()
-    };
+            .map(|item| {
+                let row = item.to_row();
+                row.iter().enumerate().for_each(|(i, cell)| {
+                    col_sizes[i] = col_sizes[i].max(cell.printable_value_len())
+                });
+                row
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-    let tcells: Matrix<String> = transpose(cells).iter().map(render_tcols).collect();
-    transpose(tcells)
-}
+        body.insert(0, head);
 
-fn render_rows(m: Matrix<String>) -> Vec<String> {
-    m.iter()
-        .map(|row| String::from(row.join(&sep()) + "\n"))
-        .collect()
-}
+        body.iter().fold(String::new(), |output, row| {
+            let row_str = row
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(|(i, cell)| cell.render(col_sizes[i]))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(&Cell::new(&[ext(8)], "|").render(0));
 
-pub fn render(m: Matrix<Cell>) -> String {
-    render_rows(render_cols(m)).concat()
-}
-
-pub fn sep() -> String {
-    Cell::new(vec![ext(8)], "|".to_string()).render(0)
+            output + &row_str + "\n"
+        })
+    }
 }
 
 #[allow(dead_code)]